LONDON, Feb 5 — Europe’s slow vaccine roll-out means its economic recovery could lag behind upturns in the United States and Asia unless it can get the programme back on track in the weeks ahead.
The International Monetary Fund last month hailed the strong China rebound and forecast that the US and Japanese economies would return to pre-pandemic levels by the end of the year, but the euro zone won’t catch up until next year.
While President Joe Biden’s administration aims to provide even more stimulus in a US$1.9 trillion (RM7.7 trillion) US package, EU capitals are still negotiating which projects will get funding from a €750 billion (RM3.6 trillion) joint recovery fund.
Delays to the European Union’s vaccine roll-out and concern about new coronavirus variants, meanwhile, make it harder for European governments to ease current pandemic restrictions.
“It remains a race between mutations of the virus and the vaccination, and euro zone countries are lagging on the vaccination process, that’s for sure,” said Sylvain Broyer, chief economist EMEA at S&P Global Ratings.
Data this week showed the euro zone’s downturn deepened in January as renewed restrictions hit the region’s dominant service industry hard.
Existing lockdowns in many countries are set to last into March and beyond. A German survey on Thursday showed that companies in the zone’s biggest economy expect restrictions of some kind to be in place until mid-September.
Lost output
Much of the concern lies with the EU vaccination programme, launched with much fanfare on December 27 but since struggling with slow rollouts and shortages of vaccine.
According to calculations by trade insurance group Euler Hermes, average daily vaccination rates across major EU economies stand at just 0.12 per cent of the population — four times lower than in Britain and the United States.
EU countries have so far given first doses to about 3 per cent of their populations, compared with 9 per cent for the United States and 14 per cent for Britain, according to Our World in Data.
Euler Hermes estimated that represented a five-week lag on the vaccination front. If left uncorrected, that would cost close to 90 billion euros in output this year, equivalent to two percentage points of lost quarterly GDP growth.
“Economies that finish the race first will be rewarded with strong positive multiplier effects supercharging consumption and investment activity in H2 2021, whereas vaccination laggards will remain stuck in crisis mode and face substantial costs — economic as well as political,” it said in a note.
European Commission Chief Executive Ursula von der Leyen defended the EU’s effort this week, saying the EU lagged rivals by three to four weeks because of a more rigorous approvals process. She said supply problems should start to ease but acknowledged that increasing production remained a challenge.
If Europe’s recovery is slow in coming, the risk is that it suffers more so-called “scarring”, or longer-term damage to its economy. A big concern is long-term and youth unemployment, which has only started improving in recent years after the 2008/09 financial crisis.
“Covid-19 threatens to undo the last decade of progress: policymakers must act to avoid Europe’s youth suffering the scarring effect,” Guntram Wolff at Brussels-based economic think-tank Bruegel said.
Bruegel estimates unemployment in EU countries for workers aged 15-24 increased in the second quarter of 2020 to 16.4 per cent from 14.9 per cent in the same period a year before. Unemployment among those aged 55-64 even fell slightly to 4.8 per cent from 5.1 per cent a year earlier.
Central bank divergence?
A delayed recovery could make things harder for the European Central Bank as it seeks to keep policy ultra-loose even as a stronger US economy pushes up borrowing costs globally.
Signs of a disconnect are starting to play out in markets: US 10-year Treasury yields are up 20 basis points so far this year. In contrast, Germany’s borrowing costs remain deep in negative territory at -0.46 per cent — a sign that investors expect aggressive ECB stimulus for some time.
“If you get this outperformance of the US, you get more chatter about Fed tapering, pushing rates higher in the market, and making the ECB’s role harder,” said Jefferies European economist Marchel Alexandrovich.
“Right now they (central banks) are all doing the same thing, but in 2022 there will be many more questions about policy divergence with the ECB still being more accommodative.”
On the plus side, some of the policy choices made in Europe mean the continent should see less of an overall lag emerging from the virus-induced recession than it saw after the 2008/09 financial crisis.
While European governments cannot match the stimulus put in place by the United States — packages already approved there provide support worth a colossal 19 per cent of US GDP — eurozone fiscal and monetary stimulus has been aggressive.
Furlough schemes have meant most euro economies ended 2020 in better shape than expected, while pent-up demand from the lockdowns could still deliver a powerful boost to growth later this year.
Berenberg analysts predict the euro area will take roughly nine quarters to return to pre-pandemic levels and the United States six quarters — a lesser divergence than that after 2008/09, when the euro zone economy took seven years to recover its losses and the United States bounced back in just three and a half years.
If EU capitals use resources from the EU’s €750 billion joint recovery fund to address weaknesses in their economies, the hope is that future divergences will be smaller. But Europe’s patchy reform record means that is far from a given.
“If we manage to use this big pot of money to get some countries to do the necessary adjustments and reforms and investment they need to tap long-term potential, then this recovery fund would have served a very good purpose,” said Christian Odendahl of the Centre for European Reform think tank.
“But if the implementation of that recovery fund is weak—and there is a risk that it might be, because spending that much money quickly and well is difficult—then we may have squandered that opportunity.” — Reuters
